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Books : Science : Mathematics : Geometry & Topology : Non-Euclidean Geometries
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This remarkable book has endured as a true masterpiece of mathematical exposition. There are few mathematics books that are still so widely read and continue to have so much to offer--after more than half a century! The book is overflowing with mathematical ideas, which are always explained clearly and elegantly, and above all, with penetrating insight. It is a joy to read, both for beginners and experienced mathematicians."Hilbert and Cohn-Vossen" is full of interesting facts, many of which you wish you had known before, or had wondered where they could be found. The book begins with examples of the simplest curves and surfaces, including thread constructions of certain quadrics and other surfaces. The chapter on regular systems of points leads to the crystallographic groups and the regular polyhedra in $\mathbb{R}^3$. In this chapter, they also discuss plane lattices. By considering unit lattices, and throwing in a small amount of number theory when necessary, they effortlessly derive Leibniz's series: $\pi/4 = 1 - 1/3 + 1/5 - 1/7 + - \ldots$. In the section on lattices in three and more dimensions, the authors consider sphere-packing problems, including the famous Kepler problem.
One of the most remarkable chapters is "Projective Configurations". In a short introductory section, Hilbert and Cohn-Vossen give perhaps the most concise and lucid description of why a general geometer would care about projective geometry and why such an ostensibly plain setup is truly rich in structure and ideas. Here, we see regular polyhedra again, from a different perspective. One of the high points of the chapter is the discussion of Schlafli's Double-Six, which leads to the description of the 27 lines on the general smooth cubic surface. As is true throughout the book, the magnificent drawings in this chapter immeasurably help the reader.
A particularly intriguing section in the chapter on differential geometry is Eleven Properties of the Sphere. Which eleven properties of such a ubiquitous mathematical object caught their discerning eye and why? Many mathematicians are familiar with the plaster models of surfaces found in many mathematics departments. The book includes pictures of some of the models that are found in the Göttingen collection. Furthermore, the mysterious lines that mark these surfaces are finally explained!
The chapter on kinematics includes a nice discussion of linkages and the geometry of configurations of points and rods that are connected and, perhaps, constrained in some way. This topic in geometry has become increasingly important in recent times, especially in applications to robotics. This is another example of a simple situation that leads to a rich geometry.
It would be hard to overestimate the continuing influence Hilbert-Cohn-Vossen's book has had on mathematicians of this century. It surely belongs in the "pantheon" of great mathematics books.
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Anyone who gambles, plays cards, loves puzzles, or simply seeks an intellectual challenge will love this amusing and thought-provoking book. With wit and clarity, the authors deftly progress from simple arithmetic to calculus and non-Euclidean geometry. "Charming and exciting." — Saturday Review of Literature. Includes 169 figures.
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This is the definitive presentation of the history, development and philosophical significance of non-Euclidean geometry as well as of the rigorous foundations for it and for elementary Euclidean geometry, essentially according to Hilbert. Appropriate for liberal arts students, prospective high school teachers, math. majors, and even bright high school students. The first eight chapters are mostly accessible to any educated reader; the last two chapters and the two appendices contain more advanced material, such as the classification of motions, hyperbolic trigonometry, hyperbolic constructions, classification of Hilbert planes and an introduction to Riemannian geometry.
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Fascinating, accessible introduction to unusual mathematical system in which distance is not measured by straight lines. Illustrated topics include applications to urban geography and comparisons to Euclidean geometry. Selected answers to problems.
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The geometry of the hyperbolic plane has been an active and fascinating field of mathematical inquiry for most of the past two centuries. This book provides a self-contained introduction to the subject, providing the reader with a firm grasp of the concepts and techniques of this beautiful area of mathematics. Topics covered include the upper half-space model of the hyperbolic plane, Möbius transformations, the general Möbius group and the subgroup preserving path length in the upper half-space model, arc-length and distance, the Poincaré disc model, convex subsets of the hyperbolic plane, and the Gauss-Bonnet formula for the area of a hyperbolic polygon and its applications.
This updated second edition also features:
- an expanded discussion of planar models of the hyperbolic plane arising from complex analysis;
- the hyperboloid model of the hyperbolic plane;
- a brief discussion of generalizations to higher dimensions;
- many new exercises.
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This treatise, by one of Russia's leading mathematicians, gives in easily accessible form a coherent account of matrix theory with a view to applications in mathematics, theoretical physics, statistics, electrical engineering, etc. The individual chapters have been kept as far as possible independent of each other, so that the reader acquainted with the contents of Chapter 1 can proceed immediately to the chapters of special interest. Much of the material has been available until now only in the periodical literature
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This is a reissue of Professor Coxeter's classic text on non-Euclidean geometry. It begins with a historical introductory chapter, and then devotes three chapters to surveying real projective geometry, and three to elliptic geometry. After this the Euclidean and hyperbolic geometries are built up axiomatically as special cases of a more general 'descriptive geometry'. This is essential reading for anybody with an interest in geometry.
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An Unabridged, Digitally Enlarged Printing. Chapters Include: Foundation For Metrical Geometry In A Limited Region – Congruent Transformations – The Three Hypotheses – The Introduction Of Trigonometric Formulae – Analytic Formulae – Consistency And Significance Of The Axioms – The Geometric And Analytic Extension Of Space – The Groups Of Congruent Transformations - Point, Line, And Plane Treated Analytically – The Higher Line Geometry – The Circle And The Sphere – Conic Sections – Quadric Surfaces – Areas And Volumes – Introduction To Differential Geometry – Differential Line-Geometry – Multiply Connected Spaces – The Projective Basis Of Non-Euclidean Geometry – The Differential Basis For Euclidean And Non-Euclidean Geometry – Comprehensive Index
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The central theme of this book is the interaction between the curvature of a complete Riemannian manifold and its topology and global geometry. The first five chapters are preparatory in nature. They begin with a very concise introduction to Riemannian geometry, followed by an exposition of Toponogov's theorem--the first such treatment in a book in English. Next comes a detailed presentation of homogeneous spaces in which the main goal is to find formulas for their curvature. A quick chapter of Morse theory is followed by one on the injectivity radius. Chapters 6-9 deal with many of the most relevant contributions to the subject in the years 1959 to 1974. These include the pinching (or sphere) theorem, Berger's theorem for symmetric spaces, the differentiable sphere theorem, the structure of complete manifolds of non-negative curvature, and finally, results about the structure of complete manifolds of non-positive curvature. Emphasis is given to the phenomenon of rigidity, namely, the fact that although the conclusions which hold under the assumption of some strict inequality on curvature can fail when the strict inequality on curvature can fail when the strict inequality is relaxed to a weak one, the failure can happen only in a restricted way, which can usually be classified up to isometry. Much of the material, particularly the last four chapters, was essentially state-of-the-art when the book first appeared in 1975. Since then, the subject has exploded, but the material covered in the book still represents an essential prerequisite for anyone who wants to work in the field.
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This book is an extensive monograph on Sasakian manifolds, focusing on the intricate relationship between K er and Sasakian geometries. The subject is introduced by discussion of several background topics, including the theory of Riemannian foliations, compact complex and K er orbifolds, and the existence and obstruction theory of K er-Einstein metrics on complex compact orbifolds. There is then a discussion of contact and almost contact structures in the Riemannian setting, in which compact quasi-regular Sasakian manifolds emerge as algebraic objects. There is an extensive discussion of the symmetries of Sasakian manifolds, leading to the study of Sasakian structures on links of isolated hypersurface singularities. This is followed by an in-depth study of compact Sasakian manifolds in dimensions three and five. The final section of the book deals with the existence of Sasaki-Einstein metrics. 3-Sasakian manifolds and the role of sasakian-Einstein geometry in String Theory are discussed separately.
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This practical monograph is the only volume devoted exclusively to the design and analysis of structures in which nonlinear effects are critical. Following a general overview focusing on the phenomena of geometric nonlinearities, the authors detail a hierarchy of discrete and continuous systems, from trusses to frames and from beams to a membrane finite element. They discuss topics including linear structural analysis, exact analysis of trusses, nonlinear analysis of membranes, plane frames and space frames, cablenets and fabric structures and three-dimensional beam-columns. Appendices provide information on determinants, the rotatin matrix, perturbation methods applied to plane beams, member stiffness when beam-column effects are included and graphics on a PC. An invaluable teaching and design tool, the text is accompanied by a FORTRAN disk accessible to PCs running DOS, and it presents computer programs as integral, both in the classroom and in the workplace. Taking the first unified approach to geometric nonlinearities, this book allows readers to: * analyze and design cable nets and fabric structures * incorporate exact computer analysis as a replacement for approximate buckling methods * approach nonlinear structural analysis as a simple application of Newton's method by employing perturbation theory
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Geometry and Its Applications combines traditional geometry with ideas of recent decades to present a new approach for the 21st century. It balances the deductive approach with discovery learning, and introduces axiomatic, Euclidian geometry, non-Euclidian geometry, and transformational geometry. The text integrates realistic applications throughout, includes historical notes in many chapters, and contains student and instructor's guides that support Geometer's Sketchpad. Includes a free instructor's manual to professors of adopting universities.
* A unique blend of modern applications and theory
* Excellent balance of mathematical rigor and informal style
* CD-ROM (included) offers courseware for use with The Geometer's Sketchpad
* Covers polyhedra and planar maps
* Offers balance between deductive geometry and coordinate geometry using vectors
* Contains over 700 exercises with complete solutions available
* Includes Student and Instructor Guides which support the software
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This book is intended for a one year course in Riemannian Geometry. It will serve as a single source, introducing students to the important techniques and theorems while also containing enough background on advanced topics to appeal to those students wishing to specialize in Riemannian Geometry. Instead of variational techniques, the author uses a unique approach emphasizing distance functions and special coordinate systems. He also uses standard calculus with some techniques from differential equations, instead of variational calculus, thereby providing a more elementary route for students. Many of the chapters contain material typically found in specialized texts and never before published together in one source. Key sections include noteworthy coverage of: geodesic geometry, Bochner technique, symmetric spaces, holonomy, comparison theory for both Ricci and sectional curvature, and convergence theory. This volume is one of the few published works to combine both the geometric parts of Riemannian geometry and the analytic aspects of the theory as well as presenting the most up-to-date research including sections on convergence and compactness of families of manifolds. This book will appeal to readers with a knowledge of standard manifold theory, including such topics as tensors and Stoke's theorem. Scattered throughout the text is a variety of exercises which will help to motivate readers to deepen their understanding of the subject.
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Renowned for its lucid yet meticulous exposition, this text follows the development of non-Euclidean geometry from a fundamental analysis of the concept of parallelism to such advanced topics as inversion and transformations. It features the relation between parataxy and parallelism, the absolute measure, the pseudosphere, and Gauss' proof of the defect-area theorem. 1914 edition. Includes 133 figures.
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An Unabridged Printing, To Include Over 100 Figures - Chapters: The Parallel Postulate, And The Work Of Saccheri, Legendre, And Gauss - The Work Of Bolyai, Lobatschewsky, And Riemann, The Founders Of Non-Euclidean Geometries - The Hyperbolic Plane Geometry - The Hyperbolic Plane Trigonometry - Measurements Of Length And Area, With The Aid Of The Infinitesimal Calculus - The Elliptic Geometry - The Elliptic Plane Trigonometry - The Consistency Of The Non-Euclidian Geometries And The Impossibility Of Proving The Parallel Postulate - Index Of Authors - Comprehensive Subject Index
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This accessible approach features two varieties of proofs: stereometric and planimetric, as well as elementary proofs that employ only the simplest properties of the plane. A short history of geometry precedes a systematic exposition of the principles of non-Euclidean geometry, from fundamental principles to the finer points. 1961 edition.
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This unique book gives an informal introduction into the non-Euclidean geometries through a series of dialogues between a somewhat grown-up Alice (of Looking Glass fame), her uncle Lewis Carroll, and a visitor from the twentieth century, Dr Whatif. In the story, Lewis Carroll's geometrical beliefs are cast into the Euclidean mould, Dr Whatif asks the penetrating and controversial questions, and Alice acts as a mediator and interested participant. The book is intentionally more mathematical than Lewis Carroll's books, but for those of us who enjoyed Alice's earlier adventures there are many interesting flashbacks to those inimitable characters: the Red Queen, Tweedle-Dum and his twin brother, the Mad Hatter ... The text is filled with humour, wit, and verses of poetry. Part 1 contains the story in six chapters, each of which concludes with a problem set; Part 2 is more mathematical, and looks at the axiom systems, and gives solutions to the problems. The presentation, with its old-time borders, script headings, and cartoon drawings evokes the spirit of the original Alice.
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This text for advanced undergraduates emphasizes the logical connections of the subject. The derivations of formulas from the axioms do not make use of models of the hyperbolic plane until the axioms are shown to be categorical; the differential geometry of surfaces is developed far enough to establish its connections to the hyperbolic plane; and the axioms and proofs use the properties of the real number system to avoid the tedium of a completely synthetic approach. The development includes properties of the isometry group of the hyperbolic plane, tilings, and applications to special relativity. Elementary techniques from complex analysis, matrix theory, and group theory are used, and some mathematical sophistication on the part of students is thus required, but a formal course in these topics is not a prerequisite.